Work hardening (also termed cold working) refers to the phenomenon where a metal material undergoes plastic deformation at ambient temperatures, resulting in increased strength and hardness while decreasing plasticity, toughness, and elastic modulus. During cold rolling, steel plates endure immense rolling forces that flatten and elongate grains, increase grain boundary area, and elevate dislocation density. This enhances interatomic bonding, making further deformation difficult. While work hardening improves material strength, it complicates subsequent processing. To restore plasticity, annealing is typically required. This involves heating to recrystallise the internal structure and accumulate dislocations, thereby reinstating the material's workability.
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